Tactile defensiveness - Tactile sensitivity - Sensory processing disorder

Home › Skin senses › Skin sensitive to touch › Tactile defensiveness - tactile sensitivity

Tactile defensiveness (tactile sensitivity) is a sensory processing disorder in which the affected person experiences hyperarousal and exaggerated sensitivity to touch resulting in great distress and discomfort.

Tactile defensiveness is a sensory disorder of the midbrain region wherein the filtering of the incoming stimuli is affected resulting in exaggerated perception of the touch stimuli.

About 75% of the boys with 'fragile X syndrome' and some girls with full X mutation are found to suffer from tactile sensitivity.

The daily life of the tactile defensiveness affected person becomes very miserable. The daily routines like changing dress, brushing teeth and taking bath become arduous tasks. Some of the reactions of the affected children are as follows.

• The tactile defensiveness affected child may be greatly distressed by gentle touch.He may hate being touched on the face.
• He may hate coarse clothes. The very feel of the dress on him may distress him.
• The tactile defensiveness affected person will dislike anything around the neck like tie, jewellery and shirt collar.
• The person with tactile sensory processing disorder may dislike walking bare-footed and the feel of grass, soil or carpet may annoy him.
• The tactile defensiveness affected may dislike touching anything slimy and sticky.
• The sensory processing disorder affected child may dislike brushing teeth and a visit to a dentist becomes an ordeal.
• The tactile defensiveness affected person may lash out if somebody bumps on to him accidentally or touches or hugs him from behind.
• Group games are disliked by him and the possibility of touched by others will be avoided by him (even holding hands of partner).
• He may suffer from bed-wetting, confusion and motor muscle coordination difficulties.
• Strong preferences of foods may be there and the affected may dislike texture of certain food items.
• The tactile defensiveness affected person may dislike vibrating toys.
• He may dislike wind blowing on his body and may so sensitivity to change of temperatures.

The real remedy lies with parents and people in close contact with sensitivity affected child understanding the real problem of tactile defensiveness.

Just imagine a spider crawling on tour arm or your arm being rubbed with a sand paper and your reactions to it.

Similarly a person afflicted with tactile defensiveness has extreme sensitivity and reacts even to normal stimuli.

The sensitivity can be alleviated to great extent by Wilbarger Brushing Protocol, wherein the child's skin is brushed daily with soft surgical brush using a firm pressure.

Repetition of this process over an extent of time will reduce the hyper sensitivity of the skin of the affected person.

The joints of the arms and legs are pressed for sometime regularly. A finger is swiped inside the mouth to desensitize the mouth and reduce sensitivity.

In these treatments there is slow but sure reduction in the tactile defensiveness of the affected child. Soft and seamless clothing for the sensitivity affected children helps a lot.

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Current topic: Tactile defensiveness - Tactile sensitivity

Skin sensitive to touch - tender skin - painful skin

Skin senses › Causes of skin sensitivity › Tactile defensiveness › Skin sensitive to touch
Skin becomes sensitive to touch due to a myriad of reasons.
Tender and painful skin condition can be due to its reaction to allergens or underlying adverse health conditions.

There can be two forms of tender conditions to touch. The first being the apparent allergic reactions with lesions and inflammations resulting in tender feeling on touch.
This type of tender condition is dealt in detail in the post "causes of skin sensitivity".
On the other hand there may not be apparent damage or reaction on the skin but it may be touch sensitive, having painful tingling sensation and pinprick sensation.
The cause of this could be due to presence of chemicals and their use in cosmetics, detergents and clothing.
Some foods, food products and many food additives cause tactile hypersensitivity.
Sun exposure and environmental damages can cause the tender and painful feeling.
Hormonal effects and hereditary causes also can cause tactile sensitivity.
Certain health disorders, deficiencies and diseases can also give rise tender feeling to touch.

The deficiencies of thiamine (vitamin B1), biotin (vitamin B7) pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and riboflavin (vitamin B2) have been found to cause hypersensitivity with varied signs like tingling, pin prick and stabbing and painful sensation.
Supplementation with vitamins has been effective in the control of these symptoms.

Diabetes if untreated can cause neuropathy. Diabetic neuropathy affects all peripheral nerves. It can cause skin to be sore and sensitive to touch.
There may be even burning and electric pain.

Migraine apart from being a big bother can also give rise to allodynia (a painful condition of skin being sensitive to touch) and very normal activities like combing can give rise to intense pain.

Herpes zoster is a viral disease and causes blisters with mild to extreme pain with tingling, stinging, aching, stabbing and throbbing sensation.
After the resolution of the attack the lesion area will be very painful for many days to come.

Fibromyalgia (the cause of which is still under debate) can also cause pain and sensitivity of skin to touch.
The affected persons feel widespread painful skin, allodynia (increased response to pressure) and tingling sensation.
The skin may appear normal visually, but becomes highly sensitive to touch.

Peripheral neuropathy is the condition wherein the nerves of the peripheral nervous system are damaged.
There are various causes for this condition. Peripheral neuropathy causes skin to be very sensitive with symptoms like pain, tingling, crawling, itching and pins and needles sensations.
Pain can become very intense.
The affected person becomes so hypersensitive that he cannot stand anything touching certain parts of his body especially his feet.

Demyelineating disorders can give rise to sensitive touch.
There are a number of causes for the occurrence. Myelin sheath around the nerve fibre is destroyed in this ailment.
Paresthesias (sensation of tingling, pricking or stabbing) of the limbs are experienced by the affected persons.

Tactile defensiveness (sensory processing disorder) is a neurological disorder in the the midbrain region.
The stimuli are not properly evaluated and filtered by the brain resulting in exaggerated feeling of touch making the affected person distressed and uncomfortable.
The affected person may not tolerate slightest pressure on the skin.
Sudden appearance of tender feeling to touch can be a hint of progressive damage to the peripheral nerves or even the spinal cord and the brain.

Skin care - Causes of skin sensitivity

home › Skin senses › Skin sensitive to touch › Causes of skin sensitivity

Skin sensitivity

It is a condition wherein a person experiences blown up response of skin to certain stimuli.
A myriad of reactions are experienced by persons with skin sensitivity like, lesions, inflammations, bumps and raised spots, pustules and red and raw spots. They may also experience pain, stinging, numbness and burning sensations on the skin.

Causes of skin sensitivity

Sensitivity of skin is caused by many unknown factors. Among the known factors environment, food, race, age, gender and genetic predisposition play a greater part.
The list of possible causative agents (allergens) and causes is exhaustive. A few of the causes are listed below:

• Long exposure to sunlight can be a cause
• Long exposure to heat
• Long exposure to cold and cold winds
• High humidity can be a cause
• Very dry conditions
• Heated dry air inside the house in winter
• Salts from sea water and sea-breeze
• Exposure to radiation and radiotherapy
• Dust, dust mites and dander of pets
• Chemicals in cosmetics
• Chemicals added to food products and preservatives
• Certain types of foods
• Flowers and pollen
• Medicines and formulations
• Chemotherapy
• Chemicals in paints and varnish
• Formalin and formaldehyde present in products around us
• Pesticides
• Antibiotics
• fungicides
• plastics, polymers, resins, adhesives, lacquers and rubber
• Contact with metals like, gold, silver, nickel, copper etc...
• Alkali in the daily-use products
• Acids in the daily-use products

Manifestations of skin sensitivity

The most common manifestation is eczema or dermatitis. This may lead to itchy lesions which may be dry, scaly and thickened or wet itchy lesions which may be raw and blistered.

• Chronic photo dermatitis (chronic actinic dermatitis or photo eczema) is a condition wherein dermis reacts to sunlight or artificial light and becomes inflamed.
• Contact dermatitis, a condition of sensitivity, causes lesion on contact with allergy causing substance (allergen) and is usually localized rash. Mostly surface regions (epidermis) is affected.
  This causes itchy and burning inflammation which may take several days for resolving after the removal of the irritant.
• Seborrhoeic dermatitis (seborrhoeic eczema) is skin condition caused by unknown factors. This results in red, itchy, scaly and sensitivity and mostly of the scalp and chest are affected.
  
  Soaps, detergents, hormones and genetic and environmental factors have been found to trigger the rash. In some cases involvement of the fungus Malassezia furfur has been noticed. Excessive intake of vitamin A in children has been associated with this rash. Deficiency of B vitamins like biotin, pyridoxine and riboflavin has been found to cause seborrhoeic dermatitis and sensitivity.
• Atopic dermatitis is chronic, itchy, relapsing and non-contagious inflammation. Though the exact cause is not known factors like food, chemicals and environment have been found to trigger the rash or worsen the existing condition. The inner side skin of the elbows and knees is the most affected.
• Migraine affected people have been found to suffer from severe skin pain (cutaneous allodynia). Areas of skin which are subjected slight pressure or scratch are sometimes found to give intense pain in persons with migraine and in some cases scratching may trigger migraine.

Though skin sensitivity cannot be completely prevented, steps can be taken to lessen the situation by mitigating the possible causes.

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Current topic: Causes of skin sensitivity

Skin senses - human skin senses of pain, touch, cold and warm

Home › Causes of skin sensitivity › Skin sensitive to touch › Human skin senses

Human skin senses

In humans, pain (including itch), cold, warm and touch (including light pressure, deep pressure, vibration and tickle) are perceived by different nerve endings. Skin, the largest and most exposed organ of human body, is endowed with numerous sensory nerve endings.

One square centimeter of human dermis has up to fifty receptor endings for pain, cold, warm and touch. These nerve endings can perceive one or more of senses like touch, pressure, cold, warm and pain. Some areas like tip of the fingers, lips and tongue have more touch receptor endings in human body. There are many types of nerve receptor endings in human skin having specific functions of senses.

Ruffini endings

• Ruffini corpuscle is a slowly adapting mechanoreceptor existing in the human subcutaneous tissues.
• This receptor is spindle shaped and perceives the stimulus of stretch and touch.
• It monitors the slippage along the skin and helps the mechanism of gripping a object.

The Ruffini ending (enlarge)
Meissner's corpuscles

• Meissner's corpuscles are rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors having highest sensitivity and they convey the senses of light touch.
• Though they are distributed throughout the human skin, they are more concentrated in fingertips, lips, tongue, soles and palms in human body.
• They are located primarily just below the epidermis and convey the feeling of touch.

Meissner's corpuscles (sensory nerve ending for touch) (enlarge)
Pacinian corpuscles

• Pacinian corpuscles are mechanoreceptors in the human skin responsible for pain and pressure senses.
• This receptors are larger and are fewer in number. The corpuscle about one mm in length and is covered by connective tissue.
• At the center of the corpuscle is the inner bulb with fluid filled cavity having a single receptor ending without myelin and transmit pain.

Pacinian corpuscles (enlarge)
Merkel nerve endings

• Merkel nerve endings are found in human skin and mucosa providing pressure and texture senses to the brain.
• The nerve ending consists of Merkel cell and enlarged nerve terminal. These are categorised as slow adapting mechanoreceptors.

Free nerve ending

• Free nerve ending is unspecialised nerve ending passing on skin pain senses to the human brain.

Thermoreceptors

• Thermoreceptors are nerve endings in skin conveying the warm and cold perceptions to human brain.
• There are separate receptors for carrying the warm and cold senses.
• The warmth receptors are slower in transmitting the impulses when compared to cold receptors.

Nociceptor

• Nociceptors are receptors that react and convey to human brain the senses of pain. These are specialised pain sensors.

Bulboid corpuscle

• Bulboid corpuscles are skin receptors which can detect low frequency of vibrations.
  These are minute oval or cylindrical bodies consisting of soft core.

Bulboid corpuscle (enlarge)
Hair follicle endings

• Hair follicle endings respond to displacement of hair and touch senses and are present in hairy areas of the human skin.

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Current topic: Human skin senses

Skin care - Olive oil types - Varieties - Extra virgin

Nutrition → Health benefits → For skin care → For hair care → moisturizer → Beauty tips
Types of olive oil are many and are classified by International olive oil council depending upon the process of extraction and blending and the aroma, taste, colour and flavour.

Extra virgin olive oil

These types are extracted from the fruits by physical methods and no chemical method is used.

They are the products of first pressing and about 90% of the olive oil is removed at this stage.

To qualify to be called extra virgin, these varieties must not contain more than 0.8% acidity.

Extra virgin types must also have good taste, flavour and aroma.

These varieties are used directly at the table to enhance the flavour of soups, salads and stews and also for dipping.

Premium extra virgin is the finest of the types and contains less than 0.2% acidity.

These types appear yellow to deep green in color and have extra superior flavour with fruity taste.

Virgin olive oil

These types are also produced by the mechanical methods and of the first pressing only.

However these varieties contains extra acidity up to 2%. The rise in acidity when compared to extra virgin varieties may be due to the stage of ripeness of the fruits, the time lapse between the harvest and extraction, the variety of cultivar and the geographic region of the product. It must also have good taste and flavour.

Finer types must contain not more than 1.5% of acidity and should have good flavour.

Refined olive oil

The products which do not qualify to be of higher grades like extra virgin, due to higher and extra acidity are processed further by filtration, heat and chemicals to lower the acidity to 0.3% and remove other defects.

Much of the taste and flavour may be lost. However it is to be noted that solvent extraction method is not involved. This is used in restaurants and in cooking.

Pure olive oil

These types are blends of virgin and refined products.

By addition of virgin olive oil (20%), taste and aroma are infused into the refined product without extra fatty acid percentage (less than 1.5%).

This is priced lesser and hence used in cooking and in restaurants.

Immature fruits

Pomace olive oil

By further processing the paste, these lowest types are extracted by treatment with heat and solvents. Blending with virgin olive oil may be done.

But this product is denoted as pomace olive oil. Its acidity should not exceed 1.5%. It is used commercially for making various by-products.

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